Along with the above statement, the second law of thermodynamics is expressed in many different ways. The initial potential energy of the rock changes to kinetic energy as the rock falls.

The second law states that the acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables: force acting upon the object and the mass of … According to Isaac Newton's second law of motion, acceleration is produced when a net force acts on a mass. But the earth is not an isolated or closed system since earth getting the energy from the sun. A machine that violated the first law would be called a perpetual motion machine of the first kind because it would manufacture its own energy out of nothing and thereby run forever.

If ΔS univ < 0, the process is nonspontaneous, and if ΔS univ = 0, the system is at equilibrium. The first law of thermodynamics asserts that energy must be conserved in any process involving the exchange of heat and work between a system and its surroundings. Various statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics states that heat can flow spontaneously from a hot object to a cold object; ... As a second example, consider what happens when you drop a rock and it hits the ground. The second law of thermodynamics. The third law of thermodynamics establishes the zero for entropy as that of a perfect, pure crystalline solid at 0 K. So this second Law is applied for the purely isolated or the closed system.

The final entropy must be greater than the initial entropy for an irreversible process: Sf > Si (irreversible process) An example of an irreversible process is the problem discussed in the second paragraph.

The net force is the sum of all the forces acting on the mass. The second law of thermodynamics, developed rigorously in many modern thermodynamic textbooks, e.g., Çengel and Boles (1994), Reynolds and Perkins (1977), and Rogers and Mayhew (1992), enables the concept of entropy to be introduced and ideal thermodynamic processes to be defined.

The second law states that if the physical process is irreversible, the combined entropy of the system and the environment must increase.

The second law of thermodynamics states that a spontaneous process increases the entropy of the universe, S univ > 0.