Nitrogen acts as a nucleophile or as a base: Nitriles Nucleophilic addition to carbon nitrogen triple bond: Nitro Compounds Reduction of nitro group to amine: Thiols Oxidation to sulfenic, sulfinic or sulfonic acid Imines from Primary Amines – … For example, the amide functional group has the formula R-(CO)-NR 2 and therefore has a carbonyl carbon which is bonded to a nitrogen atom , which is in turn bonded to two other alkyl groups. With ongoing global climate change and human activities, increasingdesertification plays a predominant role in increasing soilnutrientlosses. Actually, a functional group is an atom or a group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties. Five distinct structures have been distinguished, corresponding to nitrogen incorporated in five- and six-member ring as well as pyridine N-oxide and nitrate. Nitrogen-Containing Functional Groups The substituent groups that contain nitrogen may also contain carbon-oxygen bonds. Actually, a functional group is an atom or a group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties. An example of a hydrophobic group is the non-polar methane molecule. The reaction between nitrogen oxides and carbon generates nitrogen-containing complexes on the carbon surface. For example, the amide functional group has the formula R-(CO)-NR 2 and therefore has a carbonyl carbon which is bonded to a nitrogen atom , which is in turn bonded to two other alkyl groups. Functional groups in organic chemistry. Reactions of amides: Reaction of NaOH: Amides are decomposed by NaOH to evolve ammonia. Nitrogen-Containing Functional Groups The substituent groups that contain nitrogen may also contain carbon-oxygen bonds. In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific substituents or moieties within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. A functional group is defined as an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that has similar chemical properties whenever it appears in various compounds. In general, a nitrogen atom with three bonds and a lone pair of electrons can potentially act as a proton-acceptor (a base) - but basicity is reduced if the lone pair electrons are stabilized somehow. Many of the acid-base reactions we will see throughout our study of biological organic chemistry involve functional groups which contain nitrogen. This indicates that reactions of nitrogen-containing compounds with ozone inevitably occur in water and wastewater treatment where ozonation is applied for disinfection or oxidation. The reactions of surface functional groups have an important role in controlling conversion of char nitrogen to NOx during coal combustion.

These groups of atoms contain oxygen or nitrogen or sometimes sulfur attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton. The use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy allowed the characterization of these surface complexes. Functional groups can pertain to any molecules, but you will usually hear about them in the context of organic chemistry.The symbol R and R' refer to an attached hydrogen or hydrocarbon side chain or sometimes to any group of atoms.

Functional groups are usually classified as hydrophobic or hydrophilic depending on their charge or polarity. Table of Contents Functional groups in organic chemistry Functional groups in organic chemistry Functional groups are structural features distinguish one organic molecule from another. When functional groups are shown, the organic molecule is sometimes denoted as “R.” Functional groups are found along the “carbon backbone” of macromolecules which is formed by chains and/or rings of carbon atoms with the occasional substitution of an element such as nitrogen or oxygen. Reactive atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus are present in many organic molecules. AMIDES AND RELATED FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Jack DeRuiter I. Functional groups are groups of atoms found within molecules that are involved in the chemical reactions characteristic of those molecules.

Experiment 8: Reactions of Nitrogen Functional Groups.